Research Database
CDP Choline
The Effect of Citicoline Supplementation on Motor Speed and Attention in Adolescent Males
Results: Individuals receiving citicoline exhibited improved attention ( p = 0.02) and increased psychomotor speed ( p = 0.03) compared with those receiving placebo. Higher weight-adjusted dose significantly predicted increased accuracy on an attention task ( p = 0.01), improved signal detectability on a computerized attention task ( p = 0.03), and decreased impulsivity ( p = 0.01).
Erin McGlade, Anna Monica Agoston, Jennifer DiMuzio, Miho Kizaki, Eri Nakazaki, Toshikazu Kamiya, Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
Citicoline and Memory Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Conclusions: Dietary supplementation of citicoline for 12 wk improved overall memory performance, especially episodic memory, in healthy older males and females with AAMI. The findings suggest that regular consumption of citicoline may be safe and potentially beneficial against memory loss due to aging. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov asNCT03369925.
Eri Nakazaki, Eunice Mah, Kristen Sanoshy, Danielle Citrolo, Fumiko Watanabe
Improved Attentional Performance Following Citicoline Administration in Healthy Adult Women
Introduction: Citicoline is a natural product that is marketed as a nutritional supplement in the United States. Exogenous administration of citicoline (CDP-choline; cytidine 5’-diphosphocholine) has been shown to influence brain cellular metabolism and citicoline has demonstrated a variety of cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective properties in pre-clinical and clinical studies [1-3]. A compound composed of choline and cytidine, citicoline is instrumental in the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids that aid in neuronal membrane repair [3,4], and provides a choline source needed for acetylcholine (ACh) and phosphatidylcholine synthesis [3,5].
Erin McGlade,Allison Locatelli,Julia Hardy,Toshikazu Kamiya,Masahiko Morita,Koji Morishita,Yoichiro Sugimura,Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., LTD., Tokyo, Japan.
Kyowa Hakko USA, Inc., New York, USA.
Lion’s Mane
Improvement of Learning and Memory Induced by Cordyceps Polypeptide Treatment and the Underlying Mechanism
Introduction: Cognitive functioning refers to the performance ofmental processes, including thinking, reasoning, perception, learning, memory, understanding, awareness,judgment, and intuition (Fisher et al., 2019). The speed of these mental processes dictates our responses to stimuli, called reaction time. Neural activity associated with processing speed plays a crucial role in cognitive performance and has been extensively investigated as a cognitive marker in variousneurocognitive disorders(Lu et al., 2017). With aging, there is a natural decline in processing speed, leading to slower cognitive functioning. This normal (non-pathological, normative) cognitive slowing or age-associated cognitive decline has been shown to begin relatively early in middle age and progress more rapidly with advancing age (Meunier et al., 2014,Murman, 2015). The neuropathological cause of age-related cognitive slowing is related to the speed ofneuronal transmissionsand tomyelination(Chopra et al., 2018). In this generalised slowing, the change of subcortical white matter integrity in the wholebrainmay play a central role (Coelho et al., 2021,Madden et al., 2017).
MašaČernelič Bizjak, Zala Jenko Pražnikar, SašaKenig, Matjaž Hladnik, Dunja Bandelj, AndrejGregori, Katja Kranjc
The Acute and Chronic Effects of Lion’s Mane Mushroom Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Stress and Mood in Young Adults: A Double-Blind, Parallel Groups, Pilot Study
Background: Given the bioactive properties and limited work to date,Hericium erinaceus(Lion’s mane) shows promise in improving cognitive function and mood. However, much of the human research has concentrated on chronic supplementation in cognitively compromised cohorts. Objective: The current pilot study investigated the acute and chronic (28-day) cognitive and mood-enhancing effects ofHericium erinaceusin a healthy, young adult cohort.
by Sarah Docherty ,Faye L. Doughty, and Ellen F. Smith
Rhodiola Rosea
Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue — A double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty
Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated low-dose treatment with a standardized extract SHR/5 of rhizomeRhodiola roseaL, (RRE) on fatigue during night duty among a group of 56 young, healthy physicians. The effect was measured as total mental performance calculated as Fatigue Index.
V.Darbinyan, A. Kteyan, A. Panossian, E. Gabrielian, G. Wikman, H. Wagner
A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola rosea SHR-5 extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated low-dose regimen
Summary: The objective was to investigate the stimulating and normalizing effect of the adaptogenRhodiola roseaextract SHR-5 in foreign students during a stressful examination period. The study was performed as a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled with low repeated dose regime. The study drug and the placebo were taken for 20 days by the students during an examination period. The physical and mental performance were assessed before and after the period, based on objective as well as on subjective evaluation. The most significant improvement in the SHR-5 group was seen in physical fitness, mental fatigue and neuro-motoric tests (p<0.01). The self-assessment of the general well-being was also significantly (p<0.05) better in the verum group. No significance was seen in the correction of text tests or a neuro-muscular tapping test. The overall conclusion is that the study drug gave significant results compared to the placebo group but that the dose level probably was suboptimal.
A.A. Spasov, G.K. Wikman, V.B.Mandrikov, I.A.Mironova, V.V.Neumoin
Effects of Rhodiola rosea supplementation on mental performance, physical capacity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men
Conclusion: ChronicR. roseaingestion does not affect physical performance, but can improve the results of some psychomotor tests (simple and choice reaction time) in young, healthy, and physically active men. The improvements in mental performance, however, at least in our study, seem not to be related to changes incortisolrelease orantioxidant activityofR. roseaextract. Thus, the specific mechanisms responsible for these effects still need to be elucidated.
L-Theanine
Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract: This randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, and double-blind trial aimed to examine the possible effects of four weeks L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults. Participants were 30 individuals (nine men and 21 women; age: 48.3 ± 11.9 years) who had no major psychiatric illness. L-theanine (200 mg/day) or placebo tablets were randomly and blindly assigned for four-week administration.
Shinsuke Hidese, Shintaro Ogawa, Miho Ota, Ikki Ishida, Zenta Yasukawa, Makoto Ozeki, Hiroshi Kunugi
L-Theanine and caffeine improve target-specific attention to visual stimuli by decreasing mind wandering: a human functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Abstract: Oral intake ofl-theanine and caffeine supplements is known to be associated with faster stimulus discrimination, possibly via improving attention to stimuli. We hypothesized thatl-theanine and caffeine may be bringing about this beneficial effect by increasing attention-related neural resource allocation to target stimuli and decreasing deviation of neural resources to distractors.
Chanaka N.Kahathuduwa, Chathurika S.Dhanasekara, Shao-Hua Chin, Tyler Davis,Vajira S.Weerasinghe, Tharaka L.Dassanayake, Martin Binks
Ashwagandha
Effects of Acute Ashwagandha Ingestion on Cognitive Function
Conclusions: Acute supplementation with 400 mg of a proprietary ashwagandha root and leaves extract improved selected measures of executive function. Acute ingestion of ashwagandha helped sustain attention and increase short-term/working memory in healthy young adults.
Dante Xing, Choongsung Yoo, Drew Gonzalez, Victoria Jenkins1,Kay Nottingham, Broderick Dickerson, Megan Leonard, Joungbo Ko, Mark Faries, Wesley Kephart, Martin Purpura, Ralf Jäger, Ryan Sowinski, Christopher J Rasmussen1, Richard B Kreider
Effect of Standardized Aqueous Extract of Withania Somnifera on Tests of Cognitive and Psychomotor Performance in Healthy Human Participants
Conclusion:These results suggest thatWithania somniferaextract can improve cognitive and psychomotor performance and may, therefore, be a valuable adjunct in the treatment of diseases associated with cognitive impairment.
Usharani Pingali, Raveendranadh Pilli, and Nishat Fatima
VItamin B6
B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin
Conclusion: Taking into account the current knowledge on the neurotropic vitamins B1, B6, and B12, we conclude that a biochemical synergy becomes apparent in many different pathways in the nervous system, particularly in the PNS as exemplified by their combined use in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy.
Carlos Alberto Calderón‐Ospina, Mauricio Orlando Nava‐Mesa
Vitamin B6, B9, and B12 Intakes and Cognitive Performance in Elders: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014
Conclusion: Adequate dietary vitamin B9and B12intakes are significantly associated with a better cognitive performance in immediate and delayed memory recall, categorical verbal fluency, processing speed, sustained attention, and working memory among elders assessed in the CERAD, AF, and DSST tests.
Hui Xu, Shanshan Wang, Feng Gao, Caihong Li
Dietary intakes and biomarker patterns of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 can be associated with cognitive impairment by hypermethylation of redox-related genes NUDT15 and TXNRD1
Conclusion: Adequate dietary folate at baseline predicted a better cognitive reserve, while decreased serum levels of B vitamins may contribute to cognitive impairment by affecting methylation levels of specific redox-related genes.
Yu An, Lingli Feng, Xiaona Zhang, Ying Wang, Yushan Wang, Lingwei Tao, Zhongsheng Qin & Rong Xiao
Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Impairment
Abstract: Moderately elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a strong modifiable risk factor for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Prospectively, elevated tHcy is associated with cognitive decline, white matter damage, brain atrophy, neurofibrillary tangles, and dementia. Most homocysteine-lowering trials with folate and vitamins B6 and/or B12 tested as protective agents against cognitive decline were poorly designed by including subjects unlikely to benefit during the trial period. In contrast, trials in high-risk subjects, which have taken into account the baseline B vitamin status, show a slowing of cognitive decline and of atrophy in critical brain regions, results that are consistent with modification of the Alzheimer's disease process. Homocysteine may interact with both risk factors and protective factors, thereby identifying people at risk but also providing potential strategies for early intervention. Public health steps to slow cognitive decline should be promoted in individuals who are at risk of dementia, and more trials are needed to see if simple interventions with nutrients can prevent progression to dementia.
A. David Smith and Helga Refsum
VItamin B9
Vitamin B6, B9, and B12 Intakes and Cognitive Performance in Elders: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014
Conclusion: Adequate dietary vitamin B9and B12intakes are significantly associated with a better cognitive performance in immediate and delayed memory recall, categorical verbal fluency, processing speed, sustained attention, and working memory among elders assessed in the CERAD, AF, and DSST tests.
Hui Xu, Shanshan Wang, Feng Gao, Caihong Li
Dietary intakes and biomarker patterns of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 can be associated with cognitive impairment by hypermethylation of redox-related genes NUDT15 and TXNRD1
Conclusion: Adequate dietary folate at baseline predicted a better cognitive reserve, while decreased serum levels of B vitamins may contribute to cognitive impairment by affecting methylation levels of specific redox-related genes.
Yu An, Lingli Feng, Xiaona Zhang, Ying Wang, Yushan Wang, Lingwei Tao, Zhongsheng Qin & Rong Xiao
Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Impairment
Abstract: Moderately elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a strong modifiable risk factor for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Prospectively, elevated tHcy is associated with cognitive decline, white matter damage, brain atrophy, neurofibrillary tangles, and dementia. Most homocysteine-lowering trials with folate and vitamins B6 and/or B12 tested as protective agents against cognitive decline were poorly designed by including subjects unlikely to benefit during the trial period. In contrast, trials in high-risk subjects, which have taken into account the baseline B vitamin status, show a slowing of cognitive decline and of atrophy in critical brain regions, results that are consistent with modification of the Alzheimer's disease process. Homocysteine may interact with both risk factors and protective factors, thereby identifying people at risk but also providing potential strategies for early intervention. Public health steps to slow cognitive decline should be promoted in individuals who are at risk of dementia, and more trials are needed to see if simple interventions with nutrients can prevent progression to dementia.
A. David Smith and Helga Refsum
Active Folate Versus Folic Acid: The Role of 5-MTHF (Methylfolate) in Human Health
Conclusion: Testing every pregnant woman for the existence of a mutated MTHFR gene isn’t a standard medical protocol, but women expressing MTHFR polymorphism may not experience the perceived advantage of FA supplementation and can be at potential risk because they are less able to transform FA. Because the association between the MTHFR polymorphism and a low folate concentration has been assessed, the direct supplementation of an active form, such as Quatrefolic (5-MTHF), through fertility supplements, prenatal vitamins, and dietary supplements, should be strongly considered as being universally beneficial
Lorena Carboni
VItamin B12
B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin
Conclusion: Taking into account the current knowledge on the neurotropic vitamins B1, B6, and B12, we conclude that a biochemical synergy becomes apparent in many different pathways in the nervous system, particularly in the PNS as exemplified by their combined use in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy.
Carlos Alberto Calderón‐Ospina, Mauricio Orlando Nava‐Mesa
Low vitamin B-12 status and risk of cognitive decline in older adults
Conclusions: Low vitamin B-12 status was associated with more rapid cognitive decline. Randomized trials are required to determine the relevance of vitamin B-12 supplementation for prevention of dementia.
ClarkeRobert ,Birks Jacqueline, Nexo Ebba, Ueland Per M, Schneede Joern, Scott John, Molloy Anne, Evans John Grimley
Vitamin B6, B9, and B12 Intakes and Cognitive Performance in Elders: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014
Conclusion: Adequate dietary vitamin B9 and B12 intakes are significantly associated with a better cognitive performance in immediate and delayed memory recall, categorical verbal fluency, processing speed, sustained attention, and working memory among elders assessed in the CERAD, AF, and DSST tests.
Hui Xu, Shanshan Wang, Feng Gao, Caihong Li
Dietary intakes and biomarker patterns of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 can be associated with cognitive impairment by hypermethylation of redox-related genes NUDT15 and TXNRD1
Yu An, Lingli Feng, Xiaona Zhang, Ying Wang, Yushan Wang, Lingwei Tao, Zhongsheng Qin & Rong Xiao
Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Impairment
Abstract: Moderately elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a strong modifiable risk factor for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Prospectively, elevated tHcy is associated with cognitive decline, white matter damage, brain atrophy, neurofibrillary tangles, and dementia. Most homocysteine-lowering trials with folate and vitamins B6 and/or B12 tested as protective agents against cognitive decline were poorly designed by including subjects unlikely to benefit during the trial period. In contrast, trials in high-risk subjects, which have taken into account the baseline B vitamin status, show a slowing of cognitive decline and of atrophy in critical brain regions, results that are consistent with modification of the Alzheimer's disease process. Homocysteine may interact with both risk factors and protective factors, thereby identifying people at risk but also providing potential strategies for early intervention. Public health steps to slow cognitive decline should be promoted in individuals who are at risk of dementia, and more trials are needed to see if simple interventions with nutrients can prevent progression to dementia.
A. David Smith and Helga Refsum
Potential benefits of methylcobalamin: A review
Conclusion: Methylcobalamin aids in growth of healthy blood cells, nerve cells
in the body. It is a best treatment as well as dietary supplement for the people who cannot absorb vitamin B12 and / or suffers from its deficiencies. Monotherapy of methylcobalamin improves plasma /
serum homocysteine level and improve the neuropathic symptoms also [28-37]. Combination therapy with other vitamin B complexes seems to be more effective. Hence methylcobalamin may be
considered as one of the promising dietary supplement and medicine having a number of potential benefits [5,38-41].
Jeetendra Kumar Gupta, Shaiba Sana Qureshi